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The article analyzes approaches to value orientations study in Russian and foreign psychology. The definition of value orientations based on the reflection, activity, activity, determinism principles has been clarified. The features of the approach to the value orientations study in Russian psychology are represented by three directions – philosophical, concrete-scientific and psychological. The features of the value orientations study in foreign psychology have been presented, where the main attention is paid to the problems of personality typology on the basis of its value orientations and their role in the activity motivation. Each person is guided by what is considered by him as important, essential, and strives to achieve what acquires for him subjective value. Within the framework of general psychology and personality psychology, we always mean individually significant values, on which a person is oriented, – value orientations. A refined definition of value orientations as a mental dimension of the reflected objective reality in the form of subjective significance of its components, which is analyzed in the directionality of the subject’s activity and structured in accordance with the level of its spiritual and moral component, has been given.

The article presents the results of exploring value and life-purpose orientations along with self-actualisation of studying youth. Two groups of students were identified according to the hierarchical structure of value orientations that have different features of life-purpose orientations and aspects of self-actualisation. The study was conducted on the basis of the State University of Social Sciences and Humanities. A large number of students of the humanities specialties participated in it. The analysis of values was performed with the methodology of value orientations proposed by M. Rokeach, the analysis of self-actualisation aspects – with a self-actualisation test suggested by L.Y. Gozman, M.V. Kroz and M.V. Latiskaya. The examination of life-purpose orientations was based on the test of life-purpose orientations developed by D. A. Leontiev. It was empirically proved that value orientations being a general meaningfulness of life are associated with its perception as a holistic process and with such features of self-actualisation as goals, beliefs, attitudes, and principles. Consequently, in the first group of students, behaviour and values depended on external evaluation and guidance, and due to the fact that attitudes to values are formed at a given time and in certain conditions, students being the subjects cannot control their life. The second group of students realises the phenomenon of self-actualisation as independence, the desire to follow their own values in life and behaviour, which are integrated into the personality structure, and the youth being the subjects can exercise this control.

People often make less risky decisions for themselves than others. We examined how people allocated risks (i.e., determining the ratio of uncertain outcomes to certain outcomes) between themselves and others. We also investigated gain (vs. loss) domain and social value orientation as predictors of risk allocations. The results of three experiments demonstrated that participants were more likely to share their risks equally between themselves and others than distribute risk unequally. In the gain (vs. loss) domain, participants allocated fewer risks to themselves and more risks to the other person for unequal risk allocations. Compared to proselfs, prosocials were more likely to allocate risks equally. We also found stronger domain effects on unequal risk allocations for proselfs than for prosocials. Therefore, our findings clarify the effects of risk distribution, domain, and social value orientation on interpersonal allocation decisions and highlight equal risk distribution between oneself and others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding peoples' values and beliefs relating to wildlife is important in regions where human wildlife conflict is prevalent. This study investigated wildlife value orientations (WVO) among subsistence farmers in Bhutan. We explored WVOs and how they shape peoples' attitudes toward wildlife using 48 semi-structured interviews and 8 focus group discussions in four districts. A qualitative thematic analysis of this data revealed alignment with seven WVOs identified from the literature. Most respondents showed positive WVOs related to widely held Buddhist beliefs; however, negative WVOs were dominant amongst herders, whose livelihoods were most affected by wildlife. This leads to personal and community dissonance between societal religious beliefs and WVOs. Policies that address HWC should capitalize on positive societal beliefs and WVOs but recognize that herders will need a particular focus to overcome negative WVOs. Policies need to be redesigned to avoid future negative impacts on people, livelihoods, and conservation objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studying heroism in controlled settings presents challenges and ethical controversies due to its association with physical risk. Leveraging virtual reality (VR) technology, we conducted a three-study series with 397 participants from China to investigate heroic actions. Participants unexpectedly witnessed a criminal event in a simulated scenario, allowing observation of their tendency to physically intercept a thief. We examined situational factors (voluntariness, authority, and risk) and personal variables [gender, impulsivity, empathy, and social value orientation (SVO)] that may influence heroism. Also, the potential association between heroism and social conformity was explored. In terms of situational variables, voluntariness modulated participants' tendency to intercept the escaping thief, while perceived risk demonstrated its impact by interacting with gender. That is, in study 3 where the perceived risk was expected to be higher (as supported by an online study 5), males exhibited a greater inclination toward heroic behavior compared to females. Regarding other personal variables, the tendency to engage in heroic behavior decreased as empathy levels rose among males, whereas the opposite trend was observed for females. SVO influenced heroic behavior but without a gender interaction. Finally, an inverse relationship between heroism and social conformity was observed. The robustness of these findings was partly supported by the Chinese sample (but not the international sample) of an online study 4 that provided written descriptions of VR scenarios, indicating cultural variations. These results advance insights into motivational factors influencing heroism in the context of restoring order and highlight the power of VR technology in examining social psychological hypotheses beyond ethical constraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social decisions are influenced by a person's social preferences. High psychopathy is defined by antisocial behaviour, but the relationship between psychopathy and social preferences remains unclear. In this study, we used a battery of economic games to study social decision-making and social preferences in relation to psychopathy in a sample of 35 male prison inmates, who were arrested for sexual and severe violent offenses (mean age = 39 years). We found no evidence for a relationship between social preferences (measured with the Dictator and Ultimatum Games, Social Value Orientation, and one-shot 2 × 2 games) and psychopathy (measured by the overall Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised score and both factors). These results are surprising but also difficult to interpret due to the small sample size. Our results contribute to the ongoing debate about psychopathy and social decision-making by providing crucial data that can be combined with future datasets to reach large sample sizes that can provide a more nuanced understanding about the relationship between psychopathy and social preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects bullying has on victims' mental, emotional, and physical well-being depend on the coping strategies applied. As coping can be influenced by the environment in which it occurs, scholars have started to explore differences in coping across cultural contexts. However, qualitative research on the role of culture in coping with bullying victimization and social representations of bullies remains scarce. This study compares the coping strategies of US and Thai students with help of 28 in-depth interviews and 60 autobiographical written reflections. Findings revealed several differences in coping across groups. Thai students often tried to stay connected with the bully and felt guilty expressing anger. They assigned less responsibility and intention to the bully. This was only the case among US students if the bully was young. While Thai students laughed along to fit in, US students laughed off bullies to demonstrate that they did not care. Thai students regularly blamed themselves and tried to adapt their appearance and behavior. Whereas US students stressed how bullying helped them to become more resilient, Thai students highlighted increased tolerance. The possible role of culture in coping with bullying victimization, particularly of collectivist and individualistic cultural value orientations, as well as the role of social representations of bullies, is being discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Рассматривается проблема качества профессиональной подготовки средовых дизайнеров, выраженная в отсутствии у студентов личностно-смыслового включения в профессиональную деятельность. Анализируются причины, оказывающие влияние на уровень смыслообразования и целеполагания в процессе обучения средовому дизайну в высшей школе. Охарактеризованы пути осмысления и формирования профессиональной идентичности. Установлено, что усилению смысловой компоненты в системе профессиональной подготовки средовых дизайнеров в вузе способствует моделирование образа самого себя в будущей профессии в контексте личностных характеристик, имеющегося опыта у студентов и перспективного видения. Выявлены механизмы профессионального смыслообразования, приводящие в действие сущностные силы человека на формирование личностных качеств, социальной активности и способности к самостоятельному целеполаганию и готовности к самореализации в сфере дизайна. Определены положения методики обучения средовому дизайну, эффективно формирующие у студентов мотивационные установки в получении профессии и саморазвитии своих профессиональных умений и навыков. Описаны условия личностно ориентированного обучения студентов – будущих средовых дизайнеров с учетом смыслообразования.

Relevance. Intelligence as a complex phenomenon and the mental property of a person is studied in various interpretations, in the social and humanitarian discourse. The works of philosophers, political scientists, sociologists, cult urologists, psychologists, teachers and representatives of other sciences are devoted to the issues of the essence, structure, functional and activity characteristics of intelligence. The interdict capillarity and systemic complexity of the phenomenon of intelligence raises the question of the relationship and conjugation of this concept with the current level of development of psychological knowledge within the framework of modern scientific rationality. The disclosure of the psychological properties of intelligence makes it possible to objectively cognize its social and subjective nature. Materials and methods. The correlation and integration of knowledge about intelligence as a subjective quality and the quality of a person is manifested in the conjugation of modern psychological scientific rationality. The study of psychological knowledge about intelligence is carried out through the consistent and complex application of axiological, activity, systemic, subjective approaches and modern concepts in the philosophy of science. To consider and build an objective picture of psychological knowledge about intelligence in modern scientific rationality, a systematic and analytical method, synthetic and analog studies, a deductive method and a method of conceptualization, abstraction and generalization are applied. Results. Knowledge of the psychological characteristics and features of the functioning of intelligence as a dynamic, emotional, intellectual and value phenomenon from the standpoint of post-non-classical scientific rationality allows us to consider it as a complex self-developing system inherent in a certain social subject and being a product of the development of culture. Discussions and Conclusions. The modern development of psychological knowledge indicates that today psychology considers various phenomena and complex psychosocial systems. As for the phenomenon of intelligence, its characteristics, from the standpoint of post-non-classical scientific rationality, are intellectuality, dynamism, communicativeness, subjectivity, activity and value-semantic properties and qualities that interact and are realized in a complex social environment, functioning in their systemic totality.

The article is devoted to the study of the value-semantic component of psychological and pedagogical culture in adolescence. The relevance of the research is due to the fact that the structure and content of value orientations and semantic formations of a person has a significant impact on the formation and development of psychological and pedagogical culture as a whole. In turn, a developed psychological and pedagogical culture of the individual is important for the formation of a meaningful and valuable attitude to the profession of a teacher. The purpose of the article is to consider the features of the relationship of value orientations and life meanings in high school students. Methods: Portrait Value Questionnaire, PVQ (Schwartz Shalom H.) adaptation by N. M. Lebedeva (2007); System of life meanings (V.Y. Kotlyakov). As a result of the research, the connections between the value orientations of the individual (at the level of normative ideals and at the level of individual priorities) and life meanings are identified and analyzed.

The study selects and analyzes quantitative and qualitative indicators of somatic components retrieved from E.G. Vodolazkin’s novel «Lavr». The illustrative material reveals the universal and national value orientations of the regular and author’s somatic phraseological units. The most frequently used components-somatisms (eyes, head, soul, heart, hand, body) reflect the social and cultural experience of a Russian person and transform them into their own values, attitudes, positions, representing the sacred-mental essence of the nominations of the human body with vivid imagery, stylistic diversity. The analysis of the card file of the used somatic phraseological units demonstrates culturally marked Church Slavonisms that create expressive and emotional images of the Middle Ages and carry evaluative, aesthetic perception in the objective, existential aspects. One of the advantages of the novel is the somaticisms that perform various universal functions in the literary text, both for characterizing the appearance of the characters, the physical and physiological state, and for the conciseness of the narrative speech, for the emotive and emotional state of the main characters. The individual author’s somatic phraseological units detailing the ideological content of the literary text are presented. The analysis allows us present the author’s artistic picture of the world as a part of the linguistic picture of the world of a Russian person. The end-to-end anthropocentricity is a indicative characteristic of the somatic phraseology of the novel «Lavr». The article provides a semantic characteristic and determines the functional potential of more than two hundred and fifty somatic phraseological units used in the novel.

A value system is a complex of value orientations and meanings that have their roots in the outside world. For military students, international humanitarian law is an important part of personal value system. These norms shape the environment for quasi-professional and academic activities of future military lawyers and officers. International humanitarian legal norms regulate certain social relations, thus entering the sphere of subjective activity and acquiring positive significance. As a result, they become part of an officer’s personality. International legal acts are a quintessence of humanistic principles, goals, and ideas. In this respect, they are an objective source of universal human values and meanings. Hence, they characterize an officer as an intellectual. If introduced into military education curriculum, international humanitarian law could facilitate the development of personal values in future officers and military lawyers. To verify this hypothesis, the authors applied standard research methods to legal documents, as well as conducted a psychological and pedagogical experiment. They identified, systematized, and classified the values and meanings concentrated in the international legal acts of humanitarian law. The military students that studied the international humanitarian law respected traditions and valued security; they were more independent and achievement-oriented, as well as demonstrated a much higher level of communicative and organizational skills than the control group. Therefore, international humanitarian law proved to have a great potential for developing personality values in future officers as part of military education.

Abnormalities in visual exploration affect the daily lives of patients with schizophrenia. For example, scanpath length during free-viewing is shorter in schizophrenia. However, its origin and its relevance to symptoms are unknown. Here we investigate the possibility that abnormalities in eye movements result from abnormalities in visual or visuo-cognitive processing. More specifically, we examined whether such abnormalities reflect visual salience in schizophrenia. Eye movements of 82 patients and 252 healthy individuals viewing natural and/or complex images were examined using saliency maps for static images to determine the contributions of low-level visual features to salience-guided eye movements. The results showed that the mean value for orientation salience at the gazes of the participants with schizophrenia were higher than that of the healthy control subjects. Further analyses revealed that orientation salience defined by the L + M channel of the DKL color space is specifically affected in schizophrenia, suggesting abnormalities in the magnocellular visual pathway. By looking into the computational stages of the visual salience, we found that the difference between schizophrenia and healthy control emerges at the earlier stage, suggesting functional decline in early visual processing. These results suggest that visual salience is affected in schizophrenia, thereby expanding the concept of the aberrant salience hypothesis of psychosis to the visual domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several locomotion strategies are based on the anisotropic nature of the forces experienced by the moving body with its environment. We report experiments on the anisotropy of the frictional force experienced by a cylinder moving in a granular medium as a function of the orientation α between the cylinder and its velocity. The component of the force in the direction parallel to the velocity of the cylinder is always higher than the perpendicular component; therefore, the force is anisotropic. While the parallel component increases continuously with the cylinder angle α, we observe that the perpendicular component reaches a maximum value for an orientation of α c ≃ 35 °. To rationalize these observations, we have developed a theoretical model, which assumes that the mechanical energy required to move the cylinder is dissipated by friction and establishes a relationship between the parallel and perpendicular force components that is consistent with experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth of heterodox ideological configurations, or ideological inconsistencies, among the electorate of Western countries, has been offered as one explanation for recent momentous political events, such as Brexit or the election of Donald Trump as US President. Previous research, however, suggests that ideological inconsistency has been typical for Central and Eastern European (CEE) states for the past thirty years after the fall of the Socialist regimes there. Based on a survey of 102 active members of local and national party structures in Bulgaria, followed by in-depth interviews with the same respondents, I develop a conceptual and methodological approach aimed at objectively measuring Bulgarians' political values and ideological orientations. Building on previous research on the statistical independence of the social and economic dimensions of ideology, this study identifies three main models of ideological inconsistency at the party-elite level in Bulgaria, offering evidence of the "homogeneity in ideological inconsistency" in this post-Socialist country, with party elites and electorate following the same patterns of inconsistency. The existence of a conservative value complex, integrating traditionalist, statist, and nationalist attitudes regarding the social sphere, is another major finding of the study. I discuss the specific historical and socio-cultural background contributing to ideological inconsistency in Bulgaria and potential implications for the wider CEE region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored self-reported happiness among nonstandard (part-time, temporary, and no-contract) employees in Europe. Rooted in Theory of basic individual values and the modified Buffer hypothesis, it focused on the role of worker's value orientation and sources of social support/social buffers. Data stemmed from European Social Survey 2018 and Eurostat datasets, and was analyzed using multilevel modeling. As an introductory insight, "feeling good", i.e., happiness was found associated with the respondents' age, sex, and income – in favor of younger employees, women, and those with higher salaries. The value orientation identified as beneficial for happiness included being an "open hedonist" and not caring much about being "powerful". Related to social buffers, happiness was positively associated with household-provided support, whereas support from welfare state policies, trade unions, and prosperous socio-economic environment had no effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the Protection Motivation Theory (PMT), with an additional focus on Wildlife Value Orientations (WVOs), emotions, and religiosity, we investigated factors predicting the intention to protect wolves or protect human interests in a sample of Turkish and German university students. Our findings revealed that mutualism negatively predicted the perceived severity of the threat from wolves, but positively predicted the perceived efficacy to cope with this threat in both samples. Negative emotions toward the wolf were a strong predictor of intentions to protect human interests against the wolf in both samples, and negatively predicted the intention to protect wolves in the German sample. Religiosity positively predicted the WVO of domination and negatively predicted the mutualism WVO in the Turkish sample, while it played no significant role in the German sample. Our results showed that both PMT and WVOs are suitable frameworks to explain protection intentions toward wildlife in both countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quiet ego interprets the self and others by balancing concerns for their welfare and cultivating their growth (Bauer and Wayment, in: Wayment, Bauer (eds) Transcending self-interest: psychological explorations of the quiet ego, American Psychological Association Books, Washington, DC, 2008). A growing body of research shows that the Quiet Ego Scale (QES; Wayment et al. in J Happiness Stud 16:999–1033, 2015a, Front Psychol 6:1–11, 2015b) relates to numerous measures of human flourishing. The present three studies of college students and adults situate the quiet ego within a framework of value orientation and actualization that organizes constructs of human flourishing in terms of motives (including moral motives), well-being (as hedonic satisfaction and eudaimonic meaningfulness, including moral fulfillment), and wisdom (Bauer in The transformative self: personal growth, narrative identity, and the good life, Oxford University Press, New York, 2021). Results from samples of college students and adults suggest that the QES corresponds to: (1) mainly humanistic and eudaimonic (including moral) motives; (2) hedonic and especially eudaimonic well-being (including moral fulfillment); and (3) motives, well-being, and wisdom independently. The discussion considers the quiet ego in terms of Epicurean ataraxia and Buddhist upekkha, a model of a good life that, like the quiet ego, emphasizes equanimity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mining industry faces specific challenges related to the working conditions and safety of employees. Studies indicate that the leadership behaviours, working conditions and health of managers are of importance for the working conditions and health of subordinates. Therefore, the aim here is to study these factors in a large international mining company with its head office in Sweden. The specific focus is on identifying similarities and differences that may exist between managers in Sweden and managers outside Sweden. An online survey with validated questions has been distributed to all managers in the company. The main findings are that both managers in and outside of Sweden report relatively high values regarding relation-, structure- and change-oriented leadership behaviours. In addition, managers also rated HEL (healthy and effective leadership) behaviours with relatively high values. The managers in Sweden rate relation orientation with the highest value and the managers outside Sweden rate structure orientation with the highest value. These differences have been confirmed by a regression analysis that identified significant associations between the group of managers based outside Sweden and higher structure orientated leadership behaviours. Both manager groups rate relatively high values regarding job satisfaction and self-rated health. However, they rate relatively high work demand values. The main conclusions are that there are different patterns in leadership behaviours between these two manager groups that can be related to cross-culture factors. Further investigation of the reasons for these differences is important in this industrial sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Civic duty is a critical feature of explanations of political participation, but why do individuals differ in their propensity to adopt particular civic duty norms? We argue that norms are likely to be adopted when congruent with underlying values and support this contention using evidence from the European Social Survey. We show that individuals who prioritize self-transcendence values (which capture altruistic goals) place much greater emphasis on norms positively related to participation while individuals who prioritize conservation values (which capture goals related to social stability) place much less emphasis on these norms. The substantive influence of personal values in explaining norm adoption is greater than that of education, age, and interpersonal trust. Our results thus provide new insights into how citizens form their normative conceptions of citizenship and also highlight the substantive role played by value orientations in conformity to social norms more generally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent times, there has been a growing interest in corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices that focus on employees, with an increasing emphasis on investigating employees' experiences of CSR in relation to their happiness. The purpose of this study is to explore employee‐centric CSR initiatives with the aim of identifying the elements stimulating happiness at work (HAW). To accomplish this, we adopt a non‐linear and data‐driven approach to analyze self‐reported data from 441 employees across 21 small and medium‐sized enterprises spanning various industries. The analysis brings to light 5 E(lements) of employee‐centric CSR: envisioning, related to personal and organizational value orientation; equity, related to definition and distribution of rewards; empowerment, related to career development and professional growth; experimentation, related to innovative tasks and organizational forms; and empathy, related to a supportive workplace and coworkers' network. These 5 E(lements) serve as stimuli for HAW in different ways: envisioning, empowerment, and experimentation play a major role in promoting employees' happiness and underscore the importance of initiatives related to shared values, inclusivity, and innovative work practices. Thus, this study sheds light on the influence of employee‐centric CSR in promoting HAW and on effective strategies that may contribute to achieving Sustainable Development Goals targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anonymous encounter cooperation is very common in human behavior. While different types of SVO affect cooperation, the effects on encounter collaboration have not been systematically studied. Here, we experimentally uncover the mechanisms underlying this behavior with SVO. Current study recruited 688 college students from southwest China, through social media and campus online forums. The participants' average age was 21.4 years (SD = 2.05). During the experiment, the researchers manipulated group identity (dialect paradigm) and induced emotions (by showing a short movie). Participants completed measurements of SVO (using a social value orientation slider scale), social projection (using the false consensus paradigm), and initial cooperation (by playing a one-shot Prisoner's Dilemma game). The results showed that SVO, social projection, and cooperation were positively associated. Mediation analyses indicated that social projection partly mediated the effect of SVO on cooperation. Moreover, the relationship between SVO and social projection was moderated by emotion and group identity. The findings suggest that when relying solely on intuition to make judgments, a person's prosocial personality determines their decision to cooperate or not, based on heuristic information. Overall, this study strengthens the conceptual model of SVO and enhances our understanding of unexpected collaboration in some contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We advance prior work on prosocial behavior by examining the situations in which prosocial motives are more likely to influence helping behavior. Building on the arousal:cost‐reward model and the self‐discrepancy theory, we test the moderating effects of help request framing (benevolent vs. economic) and contextual costs of helping on the relationship between social value orientation (SVO) and helping behavior. In two experimental studies, we found evidence that prosocial individuals are more likely to help than proselfs especially when it is more costly to do so. Similarly, prosocial individuals help more when requests are framed in terms of benevolence but not when they are framed as an exchange. These findings suggest that prosocial motives foster helping when it is more challenging to do so—that is, when help seekers do not have much to offer in return as well as in costly situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Understanding what drives differences in values toward wild meat is important for developing legislation and behavioral change campaigns that promote sustainable use. Value orientations (VOs) underly behavior. VOs are influenced by personal (e.g., gender, generation), social (e.g., media, family), location (e.g., rural versus urban), and experience determinants. In Guyana, an ethnic diverse nation in South America, the national hunting laws have recently been instated. The wildlife management agency is rolling out a behavioral change campaign in collaboration with a sustainable use initiative. To support this campaign, we evaluated VOs toward wild meat across Guyana. Methods: Applying Multiple Correspondence Analysis and generalized linear models to data from interviews, we examined location, personal, and societal determinants for their influence on these VOs and explored how VOs translated into behavior, specifically wild meat consumption frequency. Results: Location (Indigenous and coastal: rural, town, urban), intertwined with ethnicity, and gender showed the strongest associations with variation in VOs. Respondents from Indigenous territories expressed mostly positive VOs compared to coastal Guyanese. Women expressed more neutral or negative, and more negative biocentric VOs compared to men, and this difference was largest among Indigenous but non-existent in urban sites. Negative anthropocentric VOs toward wild meat consistently grouped together and dominated among those not consuming wild meat. Highest consumption was seen among those expressing positive materialistic VOs. Positive anthropocentric VOs were associate with intermediate consumption frequencies and most typical for men. Those expressing negative values toward wild meat based on biocentric orientations toward wildlife consumed wild meat, but rarely. Discussion: Our results direct behavioral change efforts to men on the coast who consume wild meat for enjoyment at bars, restaurants, or family events. Based on our study, positive messaging promoting the coexistence between consumption of mostly resilient species and caring about wildlife would be well-received to support sustainable use policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The over and misuse of antimicrobials in animal agriculture causes a prevailing crisis for humans, animals, and the environment. From the One Health approach perspective, the formation process of adopting prudent antimicrobial use (AMU), once established, can be used to mitigate this crisis. The study aimed to determine the analytic‐based and heuristic‐based process that evoked prudent AMU among animal farmers by synthesis of stimulus‐organism‐response framework and dual‐system theory and to explore gender differences on risk–benefit trade‐offs. A structural equation model was employed to test the proposed hypotheses with field survey data from 1100 small‐scale farmers. The results reveal that for the analytic‐based process, social influence, antimicrobial‐related threats, and self‐efficacy are all salient stimuli having indirect effects on intention via the two organisms of perceived risks and perceived benefits. For heuristic‐based process, farmers' altruistic value orientations are positively associated with intention. An interesting fact is that threat awareness has two opposite effects on intention, namely, the suppression effect and the enhancement effect. Moreover, the negative effect of perceived risks on intention is greater among female farmers, compared to male counterparts. These findings provide valuable insights for the forming of theory‐based intervention strategies to perfect China's national action plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Street-level Bureaucrats are bureaucrats who are at the forefront of implementing programs or policies. Their duties and functions are diverse, and based on their duties, they are expected to improve the welfare of community by implementing policies and assisting the public in services. They play an important role in policy implementation and have a strong influence on policy outcomes. This study aims to determine the value orientation of street-level bureaucrats and their attitudes toward beneficiaries in the implementation of the Non-cash Food Assistance Program. The research method uses a Mix Methods research design with a dominant scheme in a qualitative approach. The research focus areas are: (a) value orientation of street-level bureaucrats and (b) attitude of street-level bureaucrats toward beneficiaries. The total population of the study was 1916 and after calculations using a certain formula, a research sample of 95 individuals was obtained. Based on the results of the study, it is known that the value orientation of street-level bureaucrats stands out for social or cooperative orientation, while their attitude toward beneficiaries is positive so that in carrying out their duties they do not do much discretionary action. The research recommendation is that officers must always update beneficiary data and carry out external supervision in distributing aid. In addition to using mixed methods, it is also expected to conduct research using a quantitative approach to understand the effect of value orientation and attitudes on the effectiveness of program implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although transparency is recognized as an important public value, few studies examine how citizens see the relationship between transparency and other public values. To empirically investigate this relationship, we distinguish among five types of transparency and explore their associations with different views of "good" government and other public values. Using survey data and Q methodology, we find that citizens see transparency as an important value, albeit not the most important one. We also find that people give different weight to different kinds of transparency and that this depends on individual characteristics and on their overall value orientation or conception of "good" government. In particular, those who hold a contractarian view of democracy prefer types of transparency associated with accountability. Overall, transparency as candor is valued most highly and least associated with other value preferences—suggesting an important interpretation of transparency that has been hitherto neglected in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a workgroup setting, we use a quasi‐experiment to examine whether and why proself rather than prosocial employees benefit more from high group identity to foster group cooperation. We validate the goal‐transformation hypothesis that proself rather than prosocial employees benefit more from high group identity. Consistent with the goal‐expectation hypothesis, we show that goal alignment explains why proself rather than prosocial employees benefit more from high group identity. The main implication of our results is that, when group identity is high, proself employees reinforce their strategic behaviour to cooperate with the group to obtain higher individual payoffs through greater goal alignment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Luxury brands struggle to communicate their sustainability commitments to consumers due to the perceived incongruence between "luxury" and "sustainability". This study aims to provide luxury brands with insights on how to engage consumers with different social value orientations (SVOs) to make sustainable luxury purchases in a compatible manner. It investigates the relationships between personal values (symbolism/universalism), SVOs (pro-self/prosocial orientation) and behavioral intentions toward sustainable luxury brands. It further explores whether these relationships may differ when consumers view themselves as individuals (salient personal identity is activated) versus group members (salient social identity is activated). Design/methodology/approach: Study 1 (N = 419) used an online experiment in which participants were randomly assigned to either salient personal or social identity conditions to test the proposed model. Study 2 (N = 438) used a fictional brand to further validate the findings. Hypotheses were tested using covariance-based structural equation modeling (CB-SEM) and multi-group SEM. Findings: Results indicate that prosocial orientation significantly increases consumers' behavioral intentions toward sustainable luxury brands. Interestingly, pro-self-orientation can also drive intentions to support sustainable luxury brands when consumers' personal identity is salient. Salient social identity can further strengthen the relationship between prosocial orientation and sustainable luxury behavioral intentions. Originality/value: This study presents a novel, inclusive definition of sustainable luxury brands and adds theoretical rigor to the SVO framework by revealing the moderating role of salient identities, contributing to the body of knowledge in luxury brand research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the past few years, a new generation has joined the ranks of business managers or is preparing to become business managers: Generation Z (Gen Z), described as individuals born between 1995 and 2010. This paper has two aims: (1) to assess the Gen Z cohort framed by their value orientation preferences (VOP) and the importance given to principled moral reasoning (PMR) using values and cognitive moral reasoning theories and (2) to compare this information about the Gen Z cohort to prior generations. Using the Rokeach Value Survey and the Moral Reasoning Inventory, we uncovered support for our expectations that Gen Zs would have a balanced set of VOP—that is, similar preferences for a personal and a social value orientation and similar preferences for a competence and moral value orientation. Further, Gen Z preferences are unlike prior generations. The importance given to principled moral reasoning to resolve ethical dilemmas is lower than Baby Boomers and Gen Xers but surprisingly higher than Millennials as found in prior studies. Implications of these discoveries and suggestions for future research are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the article is to investigate the features of development of the value component of personal identity in student age empirically. Methods of the research. For the research there were used the following theoretical methods: analysis, synthesis, systematization, generalization of theoretical and empirical data on the research problem; empirical ones like testing by methods: “Methodology for personal identity research” (Колесніченко, 2020); “Methodology for diagnosis the level of reflexivity development” (Колесніченко, 2020); “Portrait of Values” (Семків, 2013); “Self-Assessment Questionnaire Test” (Сенчина, 2019); methods of mathematical statistics: descriptive statistics, correlation analysis. Results of the research. It has been established that the students under study have the identity status “Moratorium”, which is characterized by an identity crisis. The study of the value orientations has shown that the values of hedonism, kindness, and achievement are priorities for today’s student youth. In the course of the study of self-attitude, such components as self-respect, autosympathy and self-interest have been analyzed. It has been found that the studied students have an average level of self-respect. Self-sympathy of the subjects has an average level: in general, students are characterized by a favorable attitude towards themselves. Indicators of students’ self-interest are at a level higher than the average, which indicates the presence of a stable cognitive attitude to one’s own “Self”, interest in one’s own thoughts and feelings. It has been established that the average level of development of reflexivity prevails among student youth: students reflect on their current activities, are inclined to introspection in certain life situations. Conclusions. The conducted correlation analysis has confirmed the presence of significant positive relationships between the selected components of the value component of identity and the general status of identity. This indicates that value orientations, self-attitude and reflexivity can act as meaningful components of the value component of students’ personal identity, which has confirmed the proposed assumption.

Volunteer work is difficult to characterize as easy, as it requires people to take a lot of responsibility, energy costs, emotional inclusion and the ability to quickly adapt in situations of increased complexity. There is a growing need to study the characteristics of volunteers’ sustainability. The aim of the article. The purpose of the article is to envisage volunteer activity in Ukraine as a manifestation of social activity of citizens in the context of determining the relationship between sustainability, value orientations and emotional burnout in volunteers as individual mental structures. Research methods. The psychodiagnostic toolkit consisted of the following techniques: the method of diagnosing the level of emotional “burnout” according to V. Boiko for studying the components of “emotional burnout” (tension, resistance, exhaustion), O. Kokun’s questionnaire “Professional vitality” in the context of revealing the components of vitality (control, inclusion, acceptance of a challenge (control, commitment, challenge)) and M. Rokych’s questionnaire “Value orientations” to outline the rank list of volunteers’ values. The results of the research. Involvement of volunteers in various events and programs changes their value priorities from the values of personal life (love, happy family life, productive life) to the values of self-realization and moral responsibility (interesting work, material status, honesty, tolerance, etc.). One of the important factors is the formation and development of civic competence. Conlusions. According to the results of the research, it was determined that participation in volunteer activities contributes to the development of the professionalism of the future social worker, such values as tolerance, patience, an active lifestyle, responsibility. Personal qualities that need to be developed and improved play an important role in this process. Волонтерську роботу складно охарактеризувати як легку, оскільки вона вимагає від людей великої відповідальності, енергетичних витрат, емоційної включеності та здатності швидко адаптуватися до ситуацій підвищеної складності. Зростає потреба у вивченні характеристик стійкості волонтерів.

The article analyzes the main issues of individualization, self-actualization of personality and return to moral and religious foundations. The process of self-awareness and return to moral traditions in the key of basic beliefs is considered as a way out of a difficult situation caused by a pandemic. The transition from individualization through self-actualization of the personality to the basic basic moral principles and to religion, which historically acts as one of the main guardians of traditional human values. Particular attention is paid to the external challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic and the processes of isolation, disunity of society, increased fears, anxiety, growing distrust and negative thinking associated with it. The response to such realities was the increased interest of a certain part of society in religious topics. At the same time, religious life and practice itself has also undergone significant changes under the influence of covid restrictions and global political, economic and psy­chological transformations of society. Such an experience of turning to the religious sphere in difficult periods of life is of great importance for us to preserve the basic foundations of historical, cultural and ethnic identity.

Abstract Do corporate values affect financial performance? The observed corporate values of the Fortune Global 500 companies were inductively clustered under key attributes, and then, the attributes were grouped under value orientations. The variables used to measure financial performance were given by Fortune 500 report. Finally, the research developed and tested a new model that explored if and how the declared corporate value orientations impacted the financial performance of their organizations. The model showed that all values indirectly affected income and operational performance through human values. The paper reconciled and explained inconsistent findings in the literature over decades, redefined corporate values, and established their impact on financial performance when human values are implemented. The attention to human values is the key to harnessing the positive impact of visionary, ethical, work, and customer-oriented values.

The article examines the multifaceted phenomenon of adolescents’s value orientations, the mechanisms of its formation, and emphasizes the significant influence of gender-role conformity features on this hierarchy of the individual’s motivational structure. The influence of the level of adolescent conformity on the formation of value orientations of the individual was considered. Since the social situation actively begins to change during the transitional age, adolescents often enter into confrontation with adults, the process of separation begins, and at the same time, adolescents begin to unite in reference groups to strengthen their opinion, receive support and acceptance. Often, with a high level of conformity, they begin to focus on the norms, behavior patterns, sex-role expectations, goals of their peers in order to be accepted by their reference group, which can influence the formation of adolescent value orientations. Were invastigated that the contribution of the phenomenon of conformity to the formation of adolescents’s value orientations is 82.3%. Makes a positive contribution to the formation of such a value orientation as help and mercy to others; does not make such a contribution to the formation of a high social status and people’s management. Separately, it was found that the contribution of gender-role characteristics to the formation of adolescents’ value orientations, is 32.1%. The scale of femininity contributes to the formation of such a value orientation as: love. It does not have such an impact on the formation of such a value orientation as pleasant pastime and recreation. The scale of masculinity contributes to the formation of such value orientations as material well-being and high social status and people management. Does not have such an impact on health as value orientation.

Background. The relevance of the study is due to the need of investigating the effects of parents’ life orientations on the process of socialization of modern schoolchildren. Objective. The study had its task to characterize the features of the relationship between the components of the life position of mothers and fathers raising children in full/single-parent families at different stages of their education. Sample of the study consisted of 302177 parents of 1–11 grade students of general education schools from 85 regions of the Russian Federation. The analysis considered the data of 16463 fathers and 285714 mothers (of which 227855 are married women, 57859 are women raising children in a single-parent family). Methods. Parents of primary, secondary, and high school students answered the ad hoc questionnaire relating to three components of their life position: value orientations, assessment of their life prospects success, assessment of subjective significance of certain social threats. The data obtained were analyzed taking into account the influence of both social stratification factors (completeness/incompleteness of a family) and a child age (grade at school). To identify the features of the relationship between the components of parental life position, the factor analysis procedure was used. Results. The study revealed that the most significant life values for parents are health, successful professional activities, achieving financial success, and a happy family life. At the same time, the value of professional realization turns out to be more significant for fathers, whereas realization in family life is more valuable for mothers. As a child grows, the parents actualize the value of professional self-realization while the importance of family life and achieving financial success decreases, and the negative assessments of their future success grow. The factor analysis revealed the peculiarities of the life position of fathers and mothers raising a child in complete vs incomplete family: the “principle of complementarity” in full families and the deformation of traditional maternal position of women raising children in single-parent families. Conclusions. The study demonstrated the significance of various life values and social threats among parents of children of different school age, which captures the uniqueness of the socio-psychological context of the child-parent relationships in the family.

Introduction. Contrary to the globalization and technologization trends of many spheres of social life, the education system is characterized by a line of individualization and personification, which is important for all levels of education, and hence for the future teachers’ training process. Theoretical analysis. The article considers the system of value orientations and names the key competences that are formed in the process of preparing vocational education teachers. Empirical analysis. Interpreting the pedagogical ideas of the founder of Russian scientific pedagogy K. D. Ushinsky in relation to the system of vocational education in terms of educating the personality of the future teacher of vocational education, the key value orientations of this process were identified and presented in this article. Among them, there are ideal, professional, creative, and social value orientations. The readiness formation levels (theoretical, practical and personal) of the future vocational education teacher to implement educational activities are given. Conclusion. Complex development of the key value orientations and all readiness levels of the future teacher to implement professional and pedagogical activities constitute the future vocational education teachers upbringing.

The study examined the role of personality traits and value orientations of young people (both men and women) as factors contributing to the transition from an unregistered marriage to marital relations. The differences in the severity of personality traits and the importance of individual values among the partners living in unregistered and registered marriages were revealed. The sample of the study included two groups of respondents aged 18 to 35: partners in an unregistered marriage (cohabitation) - 144 persons (men and women 50% each) and partners in a registered marriage - 120 persons (men - 42.5%, women - 57.5%). The research methods and tools included: S.H. Schwartz’s Values Questionnaire (Personality Profile Section), 50-point form of L. Goldberg’s Five-Factor Personality Inventory and a scale for assessing the intention to marry and commitment to have and raise children. The results of both questionnaires were processed using the Multipsychometer hardware-software diagnostic complex, which converted the initial test scores into a 10-point equal-interval Sten scale. The presence and nature of the statistical influence was established using multiple linear regression analysis, statistical differences were identified using Student’s t -test and Mann - Whitney U -test. According to the results of the study, the personality trait “agreeableness” was the leading factor in the commitment to have and raise children as well as in the readiness to register a marriage with a partner. The significant differences in the severity of personality traits and the significance of individual values in the partners who were in a registered and unregistered marriage were identified statistically. It was found that the respondents in a registered marriage, compared with their counterparts in an unregistered marriage, had significantly more prominent personality traits such as “agreeableness” and “emotional stability” and, for them, the values “universalism”, “benevolence” and “self-direction” were more important. The obtained results can be used to scientifically substantiate practical recommendations for managers and specialists involved in the support and development of the family institution in modern Russian society, as well as in the practice of individual and family counseling.

Earlier research suggests social identity's association with environmental attitudes and behaviors and identifies several social-identity-based strategies that can potentially foster pro-environment behaviors. This paper examines whether and how social identities are associated with support for pro-environment policies. Using our survey of 1,804 randomly selected respondents, we seek to analyze how group identities are associated with demographic characteristics and value orientations of citizens in the American West, and how these group identities are associated with support for policies aimed at resource development (supply expansion) versus conservation (demand reduction) of energy and water resources. Findings from cluster analysis and binary logistic regression models indicate a significant association between social identity and policy preferences. Respondents who strongly identify themselves as environmentalists, conservationists, and wildlife advocates are more likely to support conservation policies and less likely to support resource development policies compared to those who strongly identify as hunters, fishers, and property rights activists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article develops a complex orientation to linguistic domination and resistance to demonstrate how academic communication can be diversified to facilitate anti-racist scholarship. While it draws from social sciences which provide complex theories of social structuration, it demonstrates how linguists can offer fine-grained analytical tools to track these processes across diverse scales of space, time, and institutions. The objective of this article is to introduce an orientation to language which goes beyond traditional reductive and overdetermined perspectives to accommodate its generative and resistant potential. It introduces translingual practice as accommodating the theoretical developments discussed, and demonstrates how methods of indexical analyses can help scholars study texts and communication across various spatiotemporal scales in achieving structuration. This approach is applied to the writing practice of African American scholar, Geneva Smitherman, to demonstrate how her anti-racist scholarship renegotiates established structures of academic communication and generates change. While this article will help applied linguists to develop an appreciation of writers and writing in constructing diversified academic communication, it can provide linguistic tools to social scientists for tracing the workings of structuration and change at diverse spatiotemporal and social scales of consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We advance team composition research by adopting a team-norms perspective to examine the effects of team members' cultural value orientations—collectivism and uncertainty avoidance orientation—on team functioning and performance in hybrid teams (i.e., teams combining face-to-face and mediated communication). Using data collected at three points in time from a sample of self-managing project teams, results support our proposed theoretical model. Team members' mean level of collectivism and uncertainty avoidance both positively relate to norms of conduct in a team. In addition, team norms indirectly influence team performance through cohesion when team virtuality and team task knowledge are both high, with team virtuality moderating the team norms–cohesion relationship, and team task knowledge moderating the team cohesion–performance relationship. Our findings suggest that characteristics of contemporary teams—team cultural value orientation and team virtuality—have important implications for how norms for acceptable conduct develop and their consequences for team performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Predicting a person's reaction after experiencing exclusion is an important question, which is accompanied by paradoxical answers. An excluded person may tend to harm others (antisocial reaction hypothesis), treat them with increased ingratiation (prosocial reaction hypothesis), or withdraw from further social contacts. The aim of this study was to test the hypotheses about the prosocial and antisocial responses in the social dilemma context, specifically, to examine whether social exclusion will result in reduced or increased cooperation in the Trust Game. The sample included 175 participants (females = 142), first‐ and second‐year psychology students. There was a between‐subject design 3 exclusion (exclusion vs. inclusion vs. neutral) × 2 history (known vs. unknown partner), with Social value orientation being treated as a covariate. Social exclusion was manipulated using the get‐acquainted paradigm, and the Trust Game was used to measure the willingness to cooperate. The level of social value orientation was measured using the Social Value Orientations (SVO) Slider Measure. Despite the successful manipulation of social exclusion, the results do not support studies showing that exclusion influences cooperation in a mixed‐motive situation. Only the main effects of the history were observed (p =.012, η2 =.04.), and social value orientation was a significant predictor of the level of cooperation (p ≤.001, η2 =.08.). The conclusion is that the experience of social exclusion made participants no less able to analyze social cues and willing to cooperate in the Trust Game. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peer-to-peer (P2P) sharing may foster sustainability synergistically by saving resources, reducing costs and promoting satisfaction of consumer needs and social connectivity. A survey of Swiss and Swedish consumers (N = 1522) was conducted to analyze drivers and barriers for P2P sharing of household products as taker and/or provider in a complementary way referring to social exchange theory. More than two-thirds (69.1%) of the participants took or provided shared household products during the previous 12 months. The traditional mode of sharing was more prevalent (53.5%) than sharing on online platforms (14.5%). Nearly half of the participants (44.5%) both took and provided shared products, 18.1% exclusively took and 6.5% exclusively provided them, and 30.1% were non-sharers. The traditional mode of sharing involved more reciprocal sharers (66.7%), who both took and provided products, compared to online sharing. Reciprocal sharers were on average younger and had higher income and education levels than non-sharers. Furthermore, their ecological, social, and economic value orientations were stronger, and they rated the benefits of sharing higher than non-sharers. Knowledge about sharing and experience of positive emotions when sharing were consistently positively related to both the number of products taken and provided. To promote the sharing economy, online sharing platforms should enhance consumer's knowledge and trust through information campaigns and review or insurance systems. Marketing activities should communicate easy access and application of platforms, and the ecological, socio-emotional and economic benefits. A meaningful social interaction between takers and providers should be promoted to promote social connectivity and emotionally positive experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lethal management of carnivore species in Germany differs according to the species habitat status (i.e., for new arrivals, long-established, or re-colonizing species). Management actions are not always accepted by the public. Since prospective teachers are future multipliers of public acceptance of lethal management, and teaching is influenced by ones' value orientations, we investigated student teachers' (N = 95) decisions on lethal management of carnivore species of different habitat status groups in relation to their wildlife value orientations (WVOs). Our results show that student teachers' WVOs are more strongly associated with certain management actions for new arrivals and re-colonizing species than for long-established species. In those cases, their WVOs are more likely to affect teaching of decision-making in the context of management actions. Thus, teacher education should support student teachers in reflecting their value orientations for teaching local biodiversity protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to determine the relationship between experiential avoidance, value-oriented life, and depression-anxiety-stress in individuals who identify themselves as homosexual or heterosexual and to reveal the predictive power of value orientation on depression, anxiety, and stress scores in homosexual individuals. A total of 359 people were included in the study, 184 of whom are homosexuals and 175 are heterosexuals. The data were analyzed using Independent Group's t-Test, Pearson product-moment correlation analysis, and Multiple Standard Regression analysis. The results of the study show that the progression and obstruction sub-dimensions of the VQ significantly predict depression by 46% (r = .679; p <.001), anxiety by 19% (r = .437; p<.001), and stress by 33% (r = .571; p<.001) in individuals with homosexual behavior tendency. Moreover, the Independent Groups t-Test revealed that the mean scores of the homosexual group were higher in all three scores of depression (p <.01), anxiety (p <.01) and stress (p <.05). The homosexual group scored significantly higher in the "obstruction" sub-dimension of the VQ and in the "suppression/denial" and "distress aversion" sub-dimensions of the MEAQ-30. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the grain growth driving force theory of grain boundary energy and grain boundary curvature, a theoretical model of grain growth in a three-dimensional (3D) cellular automata (CA) is established. The effects of different neighbor types, different ranges of orientation values, and random cellular impurities on the 3D CA microstructure model are studied. Then, the simulation results are compared and verified through the sintering experiment of ceramic materials. The results show that removing the impurity grains with one cell at the later simulation stage can minimize the influence of impurity grains on the simulation results. The 3D CA model simulation results show that the maximum orientation value Q = 400 under the 26-neighbor type is very close to the microstructure of Al2O3/TiN ceramic material, which can better represent the process of ceramic material grain growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tea house represents the most important secular public space for the Tibetan people, which not only affects people’s survival, development, living habits and value orientation, but also builds a bridge between cultural exchanges, tradition and modernity, market economy and interpersonal relationship, grand narrative and daily orientation. By tracing back to the historical origin of Tibetan tea culture and analyzing the generation and change process of tea house culture, this paper explores the Tibetan people’s perception on life, the changes in consumption habits, daily behavior and so on. Besides, it analyzes the role of tea houses culture played in the social development of Tibet, in promoting exchanges and integration of all ethnic groups, as well as in building a strong sense of the Chinese nation community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]